Vanity Or Valor When Lines Are Skewed - 1434 Words

Vanity or Valor: When Lines are Skewed. Often unaware to the reader, a story is routinely viewed through a particular lens. Our society has shaded minds to read tales through a black and white spectrum, but frequently the big picture of a story can be missed because it lies hidden within the gray area. Fairytales have influenced their apprentices to always look for a hero and a villain; however, similar to the real world, theses lines between â€Å"right† and â€Å"wrong† become indistinguishably skewed. Sophocles’ Antigone is not to be viewed through the eyes of morality because together hero and villain lie within the motives of both the play’s main characters. Simon Goldhill asserts that â€Å"it is difficult, in other words to read Antigone without making not only moral judgments, but the sort of one-sided moral judgments that the play itself seems to want to mark as leading to tragedy†, but this frame of mind must be actively fought against. Th e â€Å"gray area† type of mindset through which this play must be filtered is established in the assertion that conformity brings peace, but conflict brings progress. The complexity of Sophocles’ writing pleads with its readers to carefully analyze the text a second, third, or even fourth time in order to grasp the ideologies of the author in their fullest extent. This paper serves to promote such an analysis through the careful examination of the actions of Creon and Antigone, as well as the means by which Sophocles develops his â€Å"gray area†

Social Protection in Developing Countries - 990 Words

The global crisis has sharply underscored the need to strengthen social protection institutions in developing countries, and especially in low income countries. Before the onset of the crisis in November 2008, a growing body of research had accumulated proving a comprehensive knowledge base demonstrating that social protection programmes are effective instruments in reducing poverty and enhancing human development. In the decade prior to the onset of the crisis a large number among the new social protection programmes had emerged in the South with a specific focus on children. Children are the largest group within the global poor, and by investing in children’s development, social transfers contribute to providing a permanent exit from†¦show more content†¦The issue how to finance an extension of social protection in developing countries calls for hard headed, innovative responses. The paper is organised as follows: Section two examines three approaches to financing social protection for children, including the resource mobilisation approach, which highlights the potential role of national government revenue collection efforts, and that of international aid in low income countries. It also considers the insurance approach which puts the emphasis on the socialisation of the costs of poverty and vulnerability. Finally it discusses redistribution at the national level as a potential means to finance the extension of social protection for children. The paper finds that it is helpful to cast issues of financing in a broader context than the techniques and mechanics of revenue collection of the machinery of redistribution, important though these are. An optimal financing mix should do three jobs well: (i) generate the resources needed to establish and strengthen appropriate social protection systems; (ii) ensure that the incentives generated by the financing modalities reduce child poverty and child vulnerability; and (iii) secure legitimacy for social protection institutions and policies. Section three examines the main issues involved in financing social protection in low income countries, beginning with a discussion of trends in sub-Saharan Africa,Show MoreRelatedBenefits And Drawbacks Of Cash Transfer Programmes Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesThese days, the world is still facing the poverty. The programme calls social protection was established to address poverty. Social protection has many forms including cash transfers whi ch are now popular and attractive by their accomplishments around the world. Unsurprisingly, cash transfer has been held by many as the latest universal panacea to attack poverty. However, there still be an argument over this belief. Therefore, in the essay I will focus on cash transfer programmes whether they areRead MoreThe Environmental Protection Of The Western World1406 Words   |  6 PagesAs the western world having reached a certain development of both society and economy, they transfer their passion to a new and growing movement which is the environmental protection that commonly involves wildlife and wilderness. This kind of transfer in social ideology can be understood as a transfer from anthropocentrism to biocentrism or aesthetic anthropocentrism. Several agencies such as WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources)Read MoreEast Asian Development : Asia1532 Words   |  7 PagesEast Asian development Over the past decades, the East Asian countries have experiences massive economic growth for the policy change from protection centred to export promotion. 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However, if you look at the world recently, humans have started to realize that these resources aren’t unlimited and have started thinking about sustainability, protection and the preservation of the environment. Looking at the limited supply of natural resources and the increasing utilization due to the growing population and consumption, if we do not come up with a solution to this global environmental crisis, the

Want to Do, Ought to Do Free Essays

Desiree D’Moore Mrs. Farley World Literature Honors February 18, 2013 As a child, decisions like finishing homework during free time or choosing to procrastinate for the last minute often arise, and the adolescent would usually chose the latter. This situation is one of the common, least life changing ones dealt by many people, while other predicaments can be on a more serious not, like choosing between what is moral and immoral. We will write a custom essay sample on Want to Do, Ought to Do or any similar topic only for you Order Now These accounts show that throughout life, situations arise and one has to think about how they should deal with it to approach a resolution. It might be easier to do what â€Å"we want to do† rather than doing what we â€Å"ought to do,† and take â€Å"the one less traveled by† as Robert Frost might say. These decisions must be made, no matter the size of the problem or the amount of effort. Through history, the arrival of choices between right and wrong make a large impact on how lives plan out. Simple situations like finishing a homework assignment can also be a conflict that a person has to deal with in life, and in the long run, can impact how lives plan out. Children and teenagers often choose to do what they want rather than what is expected of them. While as a child, one choses to do their work on time and in a correct fashion, their study habits and routine would remain consistent, and would carry these traits to their older years, creating a responsible adult. If one choses to slack off in school and not put their full effort, then more often than not, the person would continue being lazy when they are older. A small decision like doing homework proves that small efforts make a large impact on a life. Doing homework is done of the smaller decision that one needs to face when there is much more life changing decision which is made, life fighting for freedom. Historical events in history have altered what the world is today, and the decision between what they wanted to do and what they had to do play a large part of the outcome. The French Revolution all started with what the 3rd Estate, the largest part of the French population, had to decide for them: should they fight for equal rights or continue to allow the First and Second Estate, which consisted of the clergy and nobles, to live luxurious lifestyles for the peasants’ expenses? They wanted to fight for what they believed was right, and allow the government to be delegates instead of orders so each person would have a say, but they also had to remember that the nobles and clergy were in charge. In this case what they wanted to do was much more difficult than just doing what was thought to be the way it was supposed to be. The Third Estate came together and created the National Assembly, and eventually, made a more morally and economically correct France. Together as one body, because of one choice, they proved that they could overcome their obstacle and create more equal rights for their nation. From very small to very large decision, the course of a life can change drastically by one choice. Whether it is doing homework or fighting for equality, the decisions of doing what â€Å"we want to do† and what â€Å"we ought to do† clash together and created the possibility on putting one’s life in their own hands. With these simple decisions, the outcome can take a positive or negative turn and it is within the person to do what is right and just. How to cite Want to Do, Ought to Do, Papers

Fundamentals of Management

Question: Discuss about theFundamentals of Management. Answer: Introduction: This research study is a case study based on the Corporate Social Responsibility. This study requires analyzing the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Interface Inc. Company. is a commercial company that has a specialization in manufacturing of the good grade commercial carpets and flooring. This company is facing with the issues related to the problems of Corporate Social Responsibility and in the implementation of sustainability in the Company. Each year the company produces millions of dollars by the producing and the selling of the carpets. The company uses million of kilos of the raw materials annually that are generated from the earth and millions of litres of water for its manufacturing process. However, even after so much usage and wastage of the raw materials and water and emitting of the greenhouse gases, the company does not produce something that is recyclable. The company now wants to implement some measures to adopt sustainability development ("Interface Global", 20 16). The steps and requirement the company needs to do to implement the sustainability development are discussed in this case study. The Level of Social Responsibility that is Prevailing in Interface Inc.: The third level of Corporate Social Responsibility being prevailed in the company is the ethical responsibility. According to Matten Moon (2012), the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility as defined by Carroll consists of four levels- Economic responsibilities, Legal Responsibilities, Ethical responsibility and Philanthropic responsibilities. The ethical responsibilities are the responsibilities that are not abided by any law to be implemented in the companies. These responsibilities are taken up by the company owners because they were thinking it to be the right thing to follow. The company owners or the shareholders or any of the employees do not have any obligations to follow these responsibilities (Cariel, 2012). Here, in this case, study too, it is the sole idea of the management of the Interface Inc. company on the analyzing of the processes of the manufacturing and to adopt the process of sustainable development and the ethical responsibilities in the company. (Navi, 201 2). For example, the management of the company after analyzing the process and the outcomes of it has decided to change the general requirement of water during the process of manufacturing. The company may decide to reduce the water utilization by reducing wasting of water and using only the actual required amount.. Social Responsiveness Strategy that is to be Required to be Adopted at Interface: As it could be realized from the case study given, the Interface Inc. Company requires developing sustainability and taking up on some ethical responsibilities in the company. The questions that need to be given a thought before taking up the social responsiveness strategies the changes in the production processes of the company are that even though the change is required but how much change is required to be done so that the company could be environmentally friendly even without getting its growth compromised (Pearce, Barbier Markandya, 2013). According to Christen Schmidt (2012), the adopting of sustainability responsibilities requires that the product produced could be again made natural and that too without leaving any toxin products behind or the product need to be renewable or recycled. In the case of the Interface Inc. company, the product that is produced is commercial grade carpets and this is neither recyclable, nor it could be made in to anything natural. The way only way to dispose of it is to dump it into the landfill. This means that one of the main strategies that the company requires to take up is the Change of the Designing Processes. The changing of the designing processes of the present designing and the raw material used for the manufacturing of the carpet would lead to the recyclable products. The next strategy according to Steurer Hametner (2013), which could be applied, would be the Change of the manufacturing process. The whole manufacturing process of the company requires being changed. The change in the manufacturing process would help the company to make the reduction of requirement for the petroleum- based raw materials and different other toxic based raw materials. A total new formation of the production system and a new business model of the company that supports and helps in the formation of sustainability- based commerce is required (Dincer Rosen, 2012) One of the important strategies that need to be adopted by the company is the Elimination of waste materials. As mentioned by Welford (2013), the company first needs to cut down its raw material consumption level and one of the best way to reduce this is the eliminations of the wastage of the raw materials and any other thing from each and every area of production and business. Apart from the changing made of the raw material, products and the manufacturing process of the company, the Interface Inc. also requires to Develop sensitize shareholders and other members of the company. The company needs to work on the creation of the culture where there is the usage of sustainable principles and it helps the employees, the stakeholders, customers, suppliers and all other people attached to the company, improve their lives and style of livelihood (Griggs, 2013). These are a few strategies that the Interface Company could adopt. Economically Viable of Sustainability for Interface: In the words of Giddings, Hopwood O'brien (2012), any company that has taken up the concept and the process of sustainability development would require an approach of the multi stake holder. However, to make a company sustainable the main thing that is required is the joint effort of the business companies and the government as well. A sustainability program could only be lead to success through the interaction and cooperation of the customers, employees and the workers regarding the changed value model of the business and the changed business model (Hopwood, Mellor O'Brien, 2012). For the development of the sustainable approach, the issues that need to be considered are present product design and the production processes that have been made without considering the concept of sustainable development earlier. Apart from these the other issues that require being addressed are the recycling level of the product, the amount of wastage management, resources, infrastructure, usage of pol lution free and toxic free raw materials, energy consumption and the market condition (Navi, 2012). Then while implementing the sustainable program, it is also utmost important for the company to see that it does not have to make any compromises with the company growth, production, level of output acquired, the demand. If all these requirements and the issues are successfully achieved and addressed by the Interface Inc. Company, then it can be said that the program of adopting the sustainability development in the company is economically viable for the Interface Company (Cariel, 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that the implementation of sustainable development in Interface Inc. Company is economically viable. Swot: Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats Analysis of Interface Inc. Company: The SWOT analysis for the Interface Inc. Company could be done as follows: Strength: The Interface Inc. Company is a Company that would take the concept of sustainability development and produce different recyclable and environment friendly carpets. This is the area where the main strength and the uniqueness of the company lie. The producing of the recyclable carpets is a new and valuable concept. Weakness: The weakness of the company at the moments is in its process of production which is done without taking the concept of sustainability development in view. There is lots of wastage, usage of petrochemical products and production of toxin products too during the manufacturing of the carpet in the industry. Opportunity: As this company has decide not to use any more harmful chemical products such as petrochemicals and toxin product for the manufacturing of the carpets, therefore, the company has lots of opportunities awaiting. The competition level for the company would also be les as there are very less companies in this company that does uses environmentally safe technologies. Threats: The only threat company may face some problems while the implementation of this concept as it is a new concept and the Interface Inc. Company is the first one to implement it. Conclusion: The above is a case study analysis of a commercial grade carpet making company, the Interface Inc. Company which is based on the Corporate Social Responsibility that is to be adopted by the management of the company. From this study, it could be concluded that the company has not implemented any kind of concepts of the sustainability development earlier. However, the company is now keen of adopting these concepts. The different strategies are recognised and analysed that would help the company to implement the idea of sustainability development in the company. The adoption of the environmental friendly process for the manufacturing of the carpet may seem a good concept for the society well being however economically the process is expensive as it requires the change of the whole manufacturing process. However, it can also be concluded that the company would reduce the consumption of petrochemical products and water, eliminate any kind of wastage during the manufacturing process and r elease of toxin products. Recommendation: According to the study presented above the carpet company, Interface Inc. Company is highly recommended to adopt the sustainable development and the Corporate Social Responsibility approach as soon as possible. It is also recommended for the management of the company to consider the different concepts, approaches and the strategies before implementing all these ideas into the company the financial condition and the position of the company is also recommended to be analysed as the implementation of this concept requires the company to be financially stable because the implementation costs are higher and expensive. Reference: Cariel, A. B. (2012). Corporate social responsibility evolution of a definitional construct.Business society,38(3), 268-295. Christen, M., Schmidt, S. (2012). A formal framework for conceptions of sustainabilitya theoretical contribution to the discourse in sustainable development.Sustainable Development,20(6), 400-410. Dincer, I., Rosen, M. A. (2012).Exergy: energy, environment and sustainable development. Newnes. Giddings, B., Hopwood, B., O'brien, G. (2012). Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development.Sustainable development,10(4), 187-196. Griggs, D., Stafford-Smith, M., Gaffney, O., Rockstrm, J., hman, M. C., Shyamsundar, P., ... Noble, I. (2013). Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet.Nature,495(7441), 305-307. Hopwood, B., Mellor, M., O'Brien, G. (2012). Sustainable development: mapping different approaches.Sustainable development,13(1), 38-52. Interface Global. (2016).Interfaceglobal.com. Retrieved 15 September 2016, from https://www.interfaceglobal.com/ Matten, D., Moon, J. (2012). Implicit and explicit CSR: a conceptual framework for a comparative understanding of corporate social responsibility.Academy of management Review,33(2), 404-424. Navi, S. T. (2012). Corporate social responsibility. Pearce, D., Barbier, E., Markandya, A. (2013).Sustainable development: economics and environment in the Third World. Routledge. Steurer, R., Hametner, M. (2013). Objectives and indicators in sustainable development strategies: similarities and variances across Europe.Sustainable Development,21(4), 224-241. Welford, R. (2013).Hijacking environmentalism: Corporate responses to sustainable development. Routledge.

The Regina Knight Case Essay Example

The Regina Knight Case Paper The legal citation of the case. Regina v [2001] NSWSC 1011 (8 november 2001) The elements of the offence. In order for a trial to be brought, the police and prosecutors might be able to prove that the elements of the particular offence are present. In this criminal case both Actus reus, Mens rea as well causation was clearly shown through the behavior of Katherine Knight. Actus reus is the term referring to ‘guilty act’ meaning any voluntary actions of omissions that constitutes to a crime, it is the physical element of an offence Her Actus reus is shown through her act of stabbing him 37 times and killing him. She also chopped off his head and cooked it with vegetables and skinned majority of his body. It is certain to say her act was intentional, malicious and evil. Mens rea refers to ‘guilty mind’ and is defined as the state of mind requiring constituting a particular crime which is the mental element of an offence. It is clear that the murder was pre-meditated. Her mens rea is shown more clearly by the comments made by the prisoner to other persons indicating intention, comments made by Mr. rice to others which indicated his fears for his life, comments of a similar kind made by the prisoner to Mr Price in the presence of others and the conduct of the prisoner in the days leading up to the murder. She threatened Mr. Price and said â€Å"You’ll never get me out of this house. I am going to kill pricey and I am going to get away with it, I’ll get away with it cause I’ll make out, I’m mad. The causation of the incidence was clear. She wanted to kil l him and she performed actus reus and his life ended on her hands. We will write a custom essay sample on The Regina Knight Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Regina Knight Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Regina Knight Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Factors that might have led to the criminal behavior. There are a few factors that may account to the behavior of Knight. It includes psychological factors, social factors, and self interest. Knight is said to have been diagnosed with the borderline personality disorder and to have suffered from a post traumatic stress disorder. Her borderline personality disorder may have contributed to the crime but is said by doctor Delaforce and lambeth that the murder was pre-meditated and her behavior highlights the malign nature of the prisoner. Dr. Delaforce also took into account that the prisoner enjoyed watching gruesome and disturbing videos entitled such as â€Å"Resurrection†. His Honour reflects â€Å"That video gave to the actions by the prisoner in relation to Mr. Price’s body a sense of â€Å"copy cat. Knight had almost performed the exact same task and scene of murder to Mr Price compared to the murder in â€Å"Resurrection†. Although nothing is 100% proven, she has said that she had been physically abused by two of her brothers when she was young and that on one occasion her father engaged in activity suggestive of some sexual connection with her. She has been in two de facto relationships and she claims that she has been sexually abused by David Kellet who was also unfaithful to her, which she results to have had a nervous breakdown. Knight says Mr. Saunders has also treated her very badly and was violent to her. Both of them explain that what she said about the sexually or physically abusing is not true and indeed that â€Å"they were the ones being assaulted by her†. Her self interest of revenge is the most major role affecting her to commit criminal behavior, her strong idea of revenge which leads to satisfaction. It is her nature to maliciously revenge anyone who crosses her and she believes that, that is what they deserve. The problem is not that she did not know it was wrong to do such thing, but that she did not care about doing them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The interview by Dr. Lambeth came to a similar conclusion of the prisoner’s interest and enjoyment in violence. Reporting and investigation of the crime. Citizens must play a major role in the criminal justice system by reporting crime. In the morning of Mr. prices death, around the 1st of March 2001, Police were called by next door neighbor Mr who was suspicious of Mr. Price as Mr. Price mentioned earlier to him Knight may kill him anytime soon. By reporting the police, action was able to be taken much faster by professional police and there was less time to get rid of evidence of killing for Knight. Police had found Mr. Price’s body to have been stabbed at least 37 times in various parts of his body back and front. His blood was found splattered and smeared throughout various parts of the house and in a pool. The police found the blood not fully congealed and had only dried at edges, of the 1st of March in 2000. An examination of the blood stains, their differing characteristics and pattern of occurrence in various parts of the house, establish that Mr. Price was first attacked by the prisoner in the principal bedroom of the premises at a time when he was in a recumbent posture. His body was found perfectly skinned his body and his head chopped off and boiled with vegetables. The way he was skinned was done professional and neatly and is required by a very skilled person with knife to be able to do so. Mary who has been working as a meat slicer in abattoirs for years is obviously a huge suspect. However Knight claims that she has no idea or recollection of Mr. Price’s death. She claims that she cannot recall anything and do not know about anything. The prisoner claims not to remember anything of the aftermath of killing. However so much evidence reveals that the murderer is Knight. The fact that the slicing of his body required a professional experienced person with the knife and the tremendous threats about the fact she was going to kill Mr. Price to Mr. Price and many others. The Plea Knight was arraigned on 2 February, 2001 on a charge of having murdered John Charles Thomas. She pleaded not guilty. The trial was initially fixed for 23 July, 2001 but was adjourned due to the illness of her counsel. She maintained her plea of not guilty and the trial was re-fixed for 15 October, 2001. After a medical assessment the prisoner was officially charged with the murder on 18 October 2001 and pleaded guilty to the charge. The court accepted her plea of guilty her conviction of murder was recorded. Factors affecting the sentence decision. The three factors that affect sentencing decision in this criminal case include aggravating, mitigating and subjective factors. Katherine Mary Knight has committed a murder which falls into the most serious category of murder and it is proven beyond reasonable doubt that the murder was premeditated. She used a sharp butcher knife to murder and stabbed him at least 37 times as well as perfectly skinning his whole body. Sometime before she murdered him she made numerous threats to him about his death. After she had murdered him, she stated that she had no recollection of the murder what so ever to the police. She tried to escape her position of crime by trying to blame everything on her mental personality disorder. She not only planned the murder but actually enjoyed the horrific acts which led to death and defilement. After the death of Mr. Price, she indicated cognition, volition, calm and skill and showed no remorse or guilt at all. There were four matters going on the mitigation of the penalty was the fact that the prisoner pleaded guilty to the charge of murder, the borderline personality disorder diagnosed in the prisoner, the absence of any prior relevant criminal record on the part of the prisoner and that the quality of mercy would not be strained were a finite sentence to be imposed on the prisoner. Although the prisoner claims to have no recollection of many events to the death of Mr Price, the horrific murder was premeditated. Even though she claims to have no recollection, her attempts to prove mitigation is regarded as nothing more than trying to block out the gruesome events caused by her. It is said by Dr. Delaforce that â€Å"she knew the nature and quality of the acts†¦was aware at that time that those acts were wrong. † Her actions were a sense of ‘pay back’ and she tried to make herself look mad. However Dr. Delaforce explained that the way she committed the murder showed the immorality of her actions which does not necessarily mean madness. The extent to which the law balances the right of victim and offender. The extent to the law which balances the rights of Knight and Mr Price seems to reasonably just. Knight committed a crime that is Knight’s life imprisonment seems pretty reasonable as she will be a significant threat to the community if she is set free and for her gruesome act of murder towards Mr Price. Knight had the right to put in an appeal, have strong qualified lawyers and to have a say. Although Knight is punished to life imprisonment, the tragedy of Mr Price and his family is not just. Mr. Price attended a chamber Magistrate at Scone Court House on 29, February 2000 and seeked an apprehended violence order and informed the chamber magistrate that he wanted to end his relationship with her to prevent her entering his life. The only problem is that he did not report it earlier and shortly after this visit, he died. Knight had the right to apply for an appeal, and although her appeal was through it was not seem reasonable and was rejected. The law succeeded in balancing the rights as it took under consideration the impact the situation had on the victim’s family. In order to be just it referred to previous cases such as (Regina v Previtera (1997) A Crime R 76; Bollen v Regina (1998) 99 A Crim R 510) and judging by precedent the penalty Judge O’Keefe J sentenced Knight was suitable. Despite the prisoner’s attempt of appeal later on, the dismissal of her appeal was also appropriate. The penalty given. The final penalty given to Katherine Mary knight is life imprisonment. Her murder fits in the most serious category of crime. The culpability of her truly requires a life sentence. A court is to impose a sentence of imprisonment for life on a person who is convicted of murder, if the court is satisfied that the level of culpability in the commission of the offence is so extreme that the community interest in retribution, punishment, community protection and deterrence can only be met through the imposition of that sentence. She also will be harmful if let out in the community, considering there is no possible alternative, no other penalty than imprisonment is appropriate. Katherine Mary Knight is sentenced for life imprisonment. Bibliography http://www. trutv. com/library/crime/notorious_murders/women/katherine_knight/4. html By Paul B. Kidd Copyright 2003, Paul B. Kidd Publications. All Rights Reserved http://www. philosophyblog. com. au/about-skinning-your-husband-and-cooking-his-head-katherine-knight-and-john-price/ November 19th 2006 03:52 ttp://www. australian-news. com. au/female_killers/Katherine_Knight. htm Copyright (c) 1998-2007 Australian News Commentary all rights reserved Anna Marshall 3 July 2006 Case: Regina v ? Knight ? [2001] NSWCS 1011 (8 November 2001) Last updated: 29 January Judgment date: 08/11/2001 Judgment of: OKeefe J Decision: Imprisonment for life. Case: ? Knight? V R [2006] NSWCCA 292 (11 September 2006) Last updated: 13/09/2006 Judgment date: 11/09/2006 Judgment of: McClell an CJ at CL Adams J Latham J Decision: Appeal Dismissed

Cetaceans Essays - Megafauna, Cetaceans, Cetacea, Whale, Free Essays

Cetaceans Essays - Megafauna, Cetaceans, Cetacea, Whale, Free Essays Cetaceans Whales, dolphins and porpoises make up the classification order Cetacea, which contains two suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti. The baleen whales are members of the Mysticeti suborder, while the toothed whales, dolphins and porpoises make up the suborder Odontoceti. Altogether, the two suborders contain eighty-one known species, separated into thirteen different families. In each family are a number of species, each classified further into 'sub-families', or genera, of which there are 40. What Are Cetaceans? There are many misconceptions about cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), the most common of which is the idea that cetaceans are fish. They're not - they are mammals, like you and me. Millions of years ago, they lived on land; their bodies were covered in hair, they had external ears, they walked on four legs, they beared live young. As mammals, cetaceans have these characteristics that are common to all mammals: * They are warm-blooded animals. * They breathe in air through their lungs. * They bear their young alive and suckle them on their own milk. * They have hair - though generally only a few 'whiskers'. Another way of discerning a cetacean from a fish is by the shape of the tail. The tail of a fish is vertical and moves from side to side when the fish swims. The tail of a cetacean is horizontal and moves up and down instead. The Cetacean's Adaptations for Sea Life Over a period of millions of years, the cetacean returned to the sea - there was more food there, and more space than on land. Because of this increase in space, there was no natural limit to the cetacean's size (i.e. the amount of weight its legs could hold) since the water provided buoyancy. It had no longer any need for legs. During this time, the cetacean lost the qualities that fitted it for land existence and gained new qualities for life at sea. Its hind limbs disappeared, its body became more tapered and streamlined - a form that enabled it to move swiftly through the water. For the same reason, most of its fur disappeared, reducing the resistance of the giant body to the water. The cetacean's original tail was replaced by a pair of flukes that acted like a propeller. As part of this streamlining process, the bones in the cetacean's front limbs fused together. In time, what had been the forelegs became a solid mass of bone, blubber and tissue, making very effective flippers that balance the cetacean's tremendous bulk. After the cetacean's hair disappeared, it needed some way of preserving their body heat. This came in the form of blubber, a thick layer of fat between the skin and the flesh that also acts as an emergency source of energy. In some cetaceans the layer of blubber can be more than a foot thick. Breathing, Seeing, Hearing and Echolocation Since the cetacean is a mammal, it needs air to breathe. Because of this, it needs to come to the water's surface to exhale its carbon dioxide and inhale a fresh supply of air. Naturally it cannot breathe under water, so as it dives a muscular action closes the blowholes (nostrils), which remain closed until the cetacean next breaks the surface. When it does, the muscles open the blowholes and warm air is exhaled. To make this easier, the cetacean's blowholes have moved to the top of its head, giving it a quicker chance to expel the stale air and inhale fresh air. When the stale air, warmed from the lungs, is exhaled it condenses and vapourises as it meets the cold air outside. This is rather like when you breathe out on a cold day and a small cloud of warm air appears. This is called the 'blow', or 'spout', and each cetacean's blow is different in terms of shape, angle and height. This is how cetaceans can be identified at a distance by experienced whalers or whale-watchers. The cetacean's eyes are set well back and to either side of its huge head. This means that cetaceans with pointed 'beaks' (such as dolphins) have good binocular vision forward and downward, but others with blunt heads (such as the Sperm Whale) can see either side but not directly ahead or directly behind. The eyes shed greasy tears which protect them from the salt in the water, and cetaceans have been found to have good vision both in the water and out. Akin to the eyes, the cetacean's ears are also small. Life in the sea accounts for the cetacean's loss of its external ears, whose function is to collect

The Advantage of the Innovation in the Healthcare Services Essay

The Advantage of the Innovation in the Healthcare Services - Essay Example The telemedicine policy has enabled many rural patients to acquire proper and affordable medical care despite their social and living standards. It has enabled the healthcare providers to provide quality services to all in this state that is their primary goal. This has been fuelled by faster and easier means of payment as compared to a few years ago. Further, there are positive outcomes attributed to this policy as most patients have adopted it. The policy provides easier means of payment as well as delivery services to all clients. This explains why the innovation has succeeded in most stated. Moreover, the federal government has shown its support by providing the necessary infrastructure to enhance its workability. Payment of these services delivered by this means remains to be a significant challenge to clients. This is because both patients and the service providers face challenges when processing insurance requirements. Further, means of payment do not stream easily and faster as expected. Hence, it hinders all the players in this industry to take full advantage of this innovation. In addition, this policy has led to the rise in health premiums that most average citizens cannot afford with the current economic conditions in the country. Despite the merits and demerits attributed to this policy, the typical person is set to benefit. Hence, the adoption of this policy in most states is aimed at enabling the ordinary person to have access to quality healthcare. The level of its success in adoption is a clear indication that the system will be of great help to all in the country.